Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity and Thermal Stability of N-(2-Phenyloxiran-2-ylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide Derivatives
In the course of studies on novel sulfonamide derivatives, we found that 4,N-dimethyl-N-(2-phenyloxiran-2-ylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide was herbicidally active. In spite of its high activity, the compound did not have enough stability for practical use. To improve the stability and herbicidal activity by molecular modification, a series of sulfonamide derivatives with phenyl substituted oxirane moiety were prepared. Among them, N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)oxiran-2-ylmethyl]-4-cyano-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide possessed the highest herbicidal activity with enough thermal stability. Halohydrin derivatives were also prepared as an alternative solution for the stability. Among them, N-(3-bromo-2-hydroxy-2-phenypropyl)-4-chloro-N-difluoromethyl-3-methylbenzensulfonamide was the most favorable for herbicide. Both compounds showed excellent herbicidal activity against grass weeds and some of broad leaf weeds in paddy condition with selectivity to transplanted rice.
Key words: herbicide, sulfonamide derivatives, oxirane derivatives, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa oryzicola).
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of N-(2-Pyridyloxiran-2-ylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide Derivatives
In the course of studies on sulfonamides with aryl substituted oxirane moiety, we found that compounds having a pyridyl group on 2-position of the oxiran-2-ylmethyl moiety possessed herbicidal activity. As a result of elaborate study, 4-chloro-N-[2-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)oxiran-2-ylmethyl]-3,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide and N-[2-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)oxiran-2-ylmethyl]-N-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide were discovered as potential rice herbicides. The former compound showed complete control of Echinochloa oryzicola (barnyardgrass) up to 2 leaf stage and broad herbicidal spectrum. The latter compound showed remarkable selectivity between rice and Echinochloa oryzicola.
Key words: herbicide, sulfonamide derivatives, oxirane derivatives, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa oryzicola).
Selective Solubilization of Tomato Fruit Epicuticular Wax Constituents by Triton X-100 Surfactant
The effect of the surfactant Triton X-100, α-[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenyl]-ω-hydroxypolyoxy-1,2-ethanediyl, on solubilization of epicuticular wax of mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit was investigated. The surfactant solubilized the unsaturated hydrocarbons, hexacosene and tritriacontadiene, and the triterpenols, α- and β-amyrins; solubilization was concentration dependent above the critical micelle concentration. Only traces or nondetectable quantities of saturated hydrocarbons were solubilized. Our data provide a definitive evidence that the surfactant solubilized selective constituents of epicuticular wax. Based on calculation of the logarithm of octanol/water partition coefficients for wax constituents, it appears that the mechanism of surfactant solubilization of the constituents was not solely related to the hydrophobicity of the constituents, but may involve pi-pi interaction, van der Waals interaction or molecular conformation of the solubilized constituents. This solubilization of epicuticular wax may decrease the diffusive resistance of the cuticular membrane and, hence, facilitate penetration of surfactant-formulated foliar applied agrochemicals.
Key words: cuticle, GC-MS, Lycopersicon esculentum, micelle, solubilization, penetration.
Practical Synthesis of 1-(7-Chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methylethylamine, a Key Synthetic Intermediate for the Production of New Oxazine Herbicide, MI-3069
Practical synthetic routes for the preparation of 1-(7-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methylethylamine (VII), a key intermediate of the barnyardgrass-controlling herbicide, 3-[[1-(7-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl]ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,3-oxazin-4-one (MI-3069), were investigated. As the result, the intermediate VII was prepared in an excellent overall yield by cyclization of 2-amino-2-methylpropionitrile with 2-amino-6-chlorothiophenol, which was synthesized by hydrogenation of 2-nitro-6-chlorothiophenol derived from 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene. This practical route consisted of shorter steps with relatively cheaper reactants than the reported method.
Key words: herbicide, oxazinone, 2-(7-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methylethylamine, MI-3069.
Metabolism of Herbicides and Other Chemicals in Human Cytochrome P450 Species and in Transgenic Potato Plants Co-Expressing Human CYP1A1, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19
Metabolism of 50 herbicides and 7 other chemicals with different structures and modes of action was examined in the microsomes from the recombinant yeast strains expressing each of 11 human P450 species. Of these, 27 herbicides and 6 other chemicals were mainly metabolized by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The metabolites of atrazine (AT), chlortoluron (CT), fenitrothion (FT), methoxychlor (MXC), pyributicarb (PC), simazine (SZ) and simetryn (ST) were identified by co-chromatography with the authentic standards as well as LC/MS and GC/MS of their derivatives. Based on these results, three major P450 species CYP1A1, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 in different families and subfamilies were selected and then co-expressed in the transgenic potato plant T1977, which showed cross-tolerance toward the herbicides acetochlor (AC), AT, CT, methabenzthiazuron (MT), metolachlor (MC), norflurazon (NR) and PC.1) The T1977 plant showed a higher activity in the metabolism of each of ［14C］ CT, ［14C］ AT, ［14C］ PC and ［14C］ MXC than the control. In T1977, ［14C］ PC was almost completely metabolized to m-tert-butylphenol(BP), O-demethylated PC (DMPC), hydroxylated BP (BPOH) and unknown metabolites. Also, ［14C］ MXC was rapidly metabolized in T1977 through O-demethylation to yield mono-demethylated and di-demethylated metabolites, which were mainly deposited as glucosides in the plants. These results strongly suggested that three P450 species expressed in T1977 coordinately functioned and actively metabolized the herbicides and the insecticide. The transgenic plants expressed human P450 species metabolizing xenobiotics seem to be useful for generation of transgenic crops with low pesticide residues as well as for phytoremediation of pesticide residues.
Key words: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, herbicide metabolism, insecticide metabolism, recombinant yeast, transgenic potato plants.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Indanofan and Related 2-(2-Phenyloxiran-2-ylmethyl) indan-1,3-dione Derivatives
In the course of our studies on compounds having 2-aryl substituted oxiran-2-ylmethyl structure, we found that compounds with indan-1,3-dione moiety showed potent herbicidal activity against mainly gramineous weeds in paddy field and upland field. As a result of elaborate study, we found indanofan; 2-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)oxiran-2-ylmethyl]-2-ethylindan-1,3-dione that controlled Echinochloa oryzicola at the rate of 0.10‐0.15 kg a.i./ha with excellent selectivity to transplanted rice plant. Indanofan was registered in 1999 as a herbicide for transplanted rice.
Key words: indanofan, herbicide, oxirane derivatives, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa oryzicola).
Thermodynamic Estimation of Vapor Pressures for Carbamate Pesticides
Vapor pressures of carbamate and thiocarbamate pesticides were estimated from their chemical structures by using the newly developed thermodynamic equations. The equations were derived from the modified Watson method by optimizing a parameter and introducing the concept of a number of possible hydrogen-bonding sites for better estimation of vapor pressures. This method could successfully estimate the vapor pressures of the tested pesticides and correctly predict vapor pressures, ranging from 10-5 to 101 Pa at 298 K, of other pesticides not being utilized in the optimization procedure.
Key words: carbamates, estimation of vapor pressure, modified Watson method.
Relationship between Insecticidal and Nerve Activities of an Imidacloprid-related Nitromethylene Compound and Its N-Alkyl Congeners
An imidacloprid-related nitromethylene compound and its alkyl congeners at the imidazolidine NH site were prepared and their insecticidal and nerve-excitatory and -blocking activities were measured. In the insecticidal test with the male adult American cockroach by the injection method, metabolic inhibitors, more or less, increased the activity of tested compounds. The NH mother compound was the most active among the nitromethylene compounds and was as active as imidacloprid under the synergistic conditions. The N-alkyl congeners were less active than the NH compound under the conditions. In both of the nerve excitatory and blocking activities measured with a central nerve cord of the American cockroach, the NH compound was the most active among the nitromethylene series compounds and was less active than imidacloprid. A good correlation was not observed between the nerve activities. Quantitative analyses showed that the insecticidal activity measured with the metabolic inhibitors was better correlated with the nerve-blocking activity than with the nerve-excitatory activity. When factors of transport of the compounds within the insect body and/or interaction with target sites were considered separately by use of the hydrophobicity parameter, the correlation with the nerve-blocking activity was signi・235ccantly improved.
Key words: nitromethylene insecticides, American cockroach, insecticidal activity, nerve-excitatory activity, nerve-blocking activity, QSAR.
Synthesis of Antifungal 5-Anilino-1,2,4-oxadiazole and 5-Anilino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles, and Their Inhibitory Effects on Fungal Sterol Biosynthesis
In the screening process we found that two 1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds showed antifungal activity against Trychophyton mentagrophytes. Microscopic observation revealed that these compounds inhibited mycelial growth with morphological changes without inhibition of germination. When treated with the oxadiazoles, ergosterol of Candida albicans decreased strikingly and much squalene was accumulated. These results firmly suggested that the compounds were new squalene epoxidase inhibitors. We synthesized the related oxadiazoles and thiadioazoles having various substituents to investigate the structure-activity relationships. Among the synthesized compounds, 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-chloroanilino)-1,2,4-thiadiazole (51) showed the highest fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea, and accumulated squalene remarkably. This compound is of interest as a new lead of squalene epoxidase inhibitors.
Key words: squalene epoxidase inhibitor, antifungal activity, Trychophyton mentagrophytes, Botrytis cinerea, 3-phenyl-5-anilino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 3-phenyl-5-anilino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of New Imidazolidinedione Derivatives
A series of new 3-(5-alkoxy-2,4-dihalophenyl)-5-alkylidene-1,3-imidazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives was synthesized and their herbicidal activities against various weeds were examined. The herbicidal activities varied with the substituents on the benzene ring and the compounds having a 5-alkynyloxy-4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl group exhibited relatively higher herbicidal activities. In the case of monocyclic imidazolidinedione derivatives, introduction of an isopropylidene group at the 5-position and a lower alkyl group at the 1-position of the imidazolidinedione ring was most effective in enhancing the activity. In the case of bicyclic imidazolidinedione derivatives, 5,6-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives gave a higher selectivity than tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives, therefore, it was thought that the presence of a double bond was important for the crop safety. Among the compounds synthesized, a bicyclic imidazolidinedione compound, 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-propargyloxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-1,3[2H,7H]-dione is considered to be the most promising candidate as a corn herbicide.
Key words: imidazolidinediones, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, herbicidal activity, cyclic imide, Protox inhibitor.
Optically Active 1'-Acetoxychavicol Acetate and Its Positional Isomers : Synthesis and Repellent Effect against Adzuki Bean Weevil
1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate (1a), identified from the rhizomes of a Zingiberaceae plant as an anti-ulcer and insecticidal material, and its positional (meta and ortho) isomers were synthesized from hydroxybenzaldehydes. These racemic mixtures were resolved by HPLC equipped with a chiral column (Chiralpak AS or AD), and the absolute configuration of the separated enantiomers was studied with the corresponding 1'-hydroxy derivatives. Examination of the 1H NMR data of their esters with (S)- and (R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acids by a modified Mosher's method indicated that the dextrorotatory enantiomers with a shorter Rt possess the R configuration, while the levorotatory enantiomers with a longer Rt possess the same S configuration as natural 1a. Both enantiomers of each compound showed almost the same insecticidal activity against the adzuki bean weevil (ABW). On the other hand, the (S)-enantiomers exhibited a stronger repellent effect against ABW females than the (R)-enantiomers, while a similar effect by the two stereoisomers was observed against the males. The number of eggs laid on adzuki beans was efficiently decreased when the beans were treated with the (S)-enantiomers, especially with (S)-1a.
Key words: secondary metabolite, resolution by chiral HPLC, Mosher's method, repellency, oviposition inhibitor, insecticide.
Insecticide Susceptibility of the Brown Planthopper and the White-backed Planthopper Collected from Southeast Asia
Key words: insecticide resistance, Southeast Asia, planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera.
Insecticidal and Acaricidal Activities of 2,2-Diphenylpropionate Derivatives
Key words: 2,2-diphenylpropionates, insecticidal activity, diamondback moth.
Effects of Synergists on the Insecticidal Activity of Chloronicotinyl-related Benzyl Compounds against Houseflies
Key words: chloronicotinyl insecticides, synergists, piperonyl butoxide, NIA16388, housefly (Musca domestica), insecticidal activity.
Synthesis of Actiketal, a Unique Benzofuran Type Glutarimide Antibiotic Isolated from Streptomyces pulveraceus subsp. epiderstagenes
Key words: antibiotics, glutarimides, total synthesis, Streptomyces pulveraceus.
(±)-Methyl 11-Fluorojasmonate as a Designed Antimetabolite of Methyl Jasmonate : Synthesis and Plant Growth Regulatory Activity
Key words: methyl jasmonate, analog, fluorine, plant growth regulatory activity, methyl 11-fluorojasmonate, synthesis.
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